An Alternative View of Nuclear Structure:

Proto-photon sub-shells
Aran David Stubbs


Given my theory of nuclear structure, an explanation of the makeup of the various photon-like structures surrounding the charged surface of the nuclei is necessary. From the Pauli Exclusion Principle, not all the constituents can be in 1s orbitals. Indeed, the 1s orbitals of all structures are occupied by a pair of gravitons. This pair supports the ns orbitals (2s, 3s, etc.) that the proto-photons occupy. The other orbitals are grouped by eccentricity.  The 2p has the same eccentricity as the 4d, so a pair of proto-photons can occupy the single 4d orbital pair aligned with one of the 2p.  The other 2 pair of 2p don’t line up with the other 4 pair of 4d.  In some cases, the more complex set of orbits for a higher l allow it to line up with all the orbits of a lower l solution.  Thus the 8g has 18 orbits, 6 of which may line up with the 6 2p orbits.


In order to determine the precise structure of a photon-like shell it is necessary to determine the charge it surrounds, and find a minimal energy arrangement that supports that charge. For simplicity sake, the charges are given in multiples of the charge on a down quark (a third of the charge on an electron).  Around the boundaries meta-states with slightly more energy than the base state are likely. The size of the energy unit depends on the diameter of the nucleus. 2 nuclei with the same charge can have different energy content in the photon-like shell if they are different sizes: the proton and the deuteron for instance.   

Base

Pair

EB

Current

EC

E/P

∑E

PC

∑P

ZMax

1s

Only

2

2s

4

3

6.00

2

2

 

(1s)

Only

 

3s

6

3

12.00

2

4

 

(1s)

Only

 

4s

8

4

20.00

2

6

2

(1s)

Only

 

5s

10

5

30.00

2

8

 

(1s)

Only

 

6s

12

6

42.00

2

10

 

(1s)

Only

 

7s

14

7

56.00

2

12

4

2p

First

5.22

4d

9.14

7.18

70.36

2

14

 

(2p)

First

 

6f

13.72

6.86

84.08

2

16

 

(1s)

Only

 

8s

16

8

100.08

2

18

6

(1s)

Only

 

9s

18

9

118.08

2

20

 

(2p)

First

 

8g

18.28

9.14

136.36

2

22

 

3p

First

6.72

6d

12.70

9.71

155.78

2

24

8

(3p)

First

 

9f

19.06

9.53

174.84

2

26

 

(1s)

Only

 

10s

20

10

194.84

2

28

 

(1s)

Only

 

11s

22

11

216.84

2

30

10

(2p)

First

 

10h

22.86

11.43

239.70

2

32

 

2p

Rest

10.44

8g

36.56

11.75

286.70

4

36

12

(1s)

Only

 

12s

24

12

310.70

2

38

 

[3d]

First

9.92

6g+9i

38.56

12.12

 

4

 

 

4p

First

8.52

8d

16.52

12.52

335.74

2

40

 

(4p)

First

 

12f

24.78

12.39

360.52

2

42

14

3d

First

9.92

6g

15.42

12.67

385.86

2

44

 

(3d)

First

 

9i

23.14

11.57

409.00

2

46

 

(3p)

First

12g

25.42

12.71

434.42

2

48

16

(1s)

Only

 

13s

26

13

460.42

2

50

 

(2p)

First

 

12i

27.42

13.71

487.84

2

52

 

(1s)

Only

 

14s

28

14

515.84

2

54

18

(1s)

Only

 

15s

30

15

545.84

2

56

 

5p

First

10.42

10d

20.40

15.41

576.66

2

58

 

(5p)

First

 

15f

30.62

15.31

607.28

2

60

20

(3d)

First

 

12k

30.86

15.43

638.14

2

62

 

(3p)

First

 

15h

31.76

15.88

669.90

2

64

 

(1s)

Only

 

16s

32

16

701.90

2

66

22

(2p)

All

 

14j

96

16

797.90

6

72

24

3p

Rest

13.44

12g

50.84

16.07

862.18

4

76

 

(4p)

First

 

16g

33.04

16.52

895.22

2

78

26

5d

First

11.82

10g

21.74

16.78

928.78

2

80

 

(5d)

First

 

15i

32.60

16.30

961.38

2

82

 

(1s)

Only

 

17s

34

17

995.38

2

84

28

[4f]

First

15.48

8i+12l

55.66

17.79

 

4

 

 

(1s)

Only

 

18s

36

18

1031.38

2

86

 

(2p)

First

 

16k

36.58

18.29

1067.96

2

88

 

6p

First

12.34

12d

24.34

18.34

1104.64

2

90

30

(6p)

First

 

18f

36.50

18.25

1141.14

2

92

 

4f

First

15.48

8i

22.26

18.87

1178.88

2

94

 

(4f)

First

 

12l

33.40

16.70

1212.28

2

96

32

[5f]

First

14.88

10i+15l

60.98

18.97

 

4

 

 

(1s)

Only

 

19s

38

19

1250.28

2

98

 

(3p)

First

 

18i

38.12

19.06

1288.40

2

100

 

(3d)

First

 

15m

38.58

19.29

1326.98

2

102

34

5f

First

14.88

10i

24.4

19.64

1366.26

2

104

 

(5f)

First

 

15l

36.58

18.29

1402.84

2

106

 

(1s)

Only

 

20s

40

20

1442.84

2

108

36

(5p)

First

 

20g

40.82

20.41

1483.66

2

110

 

(2p)

First

 

18l

41.14

20.57

1524.80

2

112

 

(4p)

First

 

20h

41.30

20.65

1566.10

2

114

38

4p

Rest

17.04

16g

66.08

20.78

1649.22

4

118

 

(1s)

Only

 

21s

42

21

1691.22

2

120

40

7p

First

14.30

14d

28.28

21.29

1733.80

2

122

 

(7p)

First

 

21f

42.44

21.22

1776.24

2

124

 

(5d)

First

 

20k

43.48

21.74

1819.72

2

126

42

(1s)

Only

 

22s

44

22

1863.72

2

128

 

7d

First

15.22

14g

29.20

22.21

1908.14

2

130

 

(7d)

First

 

21i

43.78

21.89

1951.92

2

132

44

(3p)

All

 

21j

133.40

22.24

2085.36

6

138

46

(4f)

First

 

16o

44.52

22.26

2129.88

2

140

 

(2p)

All

 

20m

137.20

22.86

2267.04

6

146

 

(1s)

Only

 

23s

46

23

2313.04

2

148

 

(3d)

First

 

18o

46.28

23.14

2359.32

2

150

50

7f

First

16.98

14i

30.84

23.91

2407.14

2

152

 

(7f)

First

 

21l

46.24

23.12

2453.38

2

154

 

[5g]

First

21.62

10k+15o

73.54

23.79

 

4

 

 

(1s)

Only

 

24s

48

24

2501.38

2

156

52

8p

First

16.26

16d

32.26

24.26

2549.90

2

158

 

(8p)

First

 

24f

48.38

24.19

2598.28

2

160

 

(6p)

First

 

24g

48.68

24.34

2646.96

2

162

54

(5f)

First

 

20o

48.78

24.39

2695.74

2

164

 

(4p)

First

 

24i

49.54

24.77

2745.28

2

166

 

(1s)

Only

 

25s

50

25

2795.28

2

168

56

(2p)

First

 

22n

50.28

25.14

2845.56

2

170

 

(3p)

First

 

24k

50.82

25.41

2896.38

2

172

 

(5p)

First

 

25h

51.02

25.51

2947.40

2

174

58

5g

First

21.62

10k

29.42

25.52

2998.44

2

176

 

(5g)

First

 

15o

44.12

22.06

3042.56

2

178

 

5p

Rest

20.84

20g

81.64

25.62

3145.04

4

182

 

[7g]

First

20.00

14k+21o

83.66

25.92

 

4

 

 

(1s)

Only

 

26s

52

26

3197.04

2

184

 

7g

First

20.00

14k

33.46

26.73

3250.50

2

186

62

(7g)

First

 

21o

50.20

25.10

3300.70

2

188

 

8f

First

18.52

16i

34.42

26.47

3353.64

2

190

 

(8f)

First

 

24l

51.64

25.82

3405.28

2

192

64

(1s)

Only

 

27s

54

27

3459.28

2

194

 

(3d)

First

 

21r

54.00

27.00

3513.28

2

196

 

(5d)

First

 

25m

54.34

27.17

3567.62

2

198

66

9p

First

18.22

18d

36.22

27.22

3622.06

2

200

 

(9p)

First

 

27f

54.34

27.17

3676.40

2

202

 

(2p)

First

 

24o

54.86

27.43

3731.26

2

204

68

[9d]

First

18.92

18g+27i

92.28

27.80

 

4

 

 

(4f)

First

 

20t

55.66

27.83

3786.92

2

206

 

9d

First

18.92

18g

36.92

27.92

3842.76

2

208

 

(9d)

First

 

27i

55.36

27.68

3898.12

2

210

70

(1s)

Only

 

28s

56

28

3954.12

2

212

 

3d

Rest

39.68

18o

185.10

28.10

4178.92

8

220

 

(7p)

First

 

28g

56.58

28.29

4235.50

2

222

74

(3p)

First

 

27l

57.18

28.59

4292.68

2

224

 

(4p)

All

 

28j

173.40

28.90

4466.08

6

230

 

(1s)

Only

 

29s

58

29

4524.08

2

232

 

(7d)

First

 

28k

58.38

29.19

4582.46

2

234

78

(5g)

First

 

20u

58.82

29.41

4641.28

2

236

 

(2p)

All

 

26q

178.30

29.71

4819.54

6

242

 

[7h]

First

25.24

14m+21t

93.96

29.80

 

4

 

 

[6h]

First

28.16

12m+18t

91.24

29.85

 

4

 

 

(1s)

Only

 

30s

60

30

4879.54

2

244

 

10p

First

20.20

20d

40.20

30.20

4939.94

2

246

82

(10p)

First

 

30f

60.30

30.15

5000.24

2

248

 

(6p)

First

 

30h

60.84

30.42

5061.08

2

250

 

(5f)

First

 

25t

60.98

30.49

5122.06

2

252

84

6p

Rest

24.68

24g

97.36

30.51

5244.10

4

256

 

[9g]

First

22.16

18k+27o

99.86

30.51

 

4

 

 

(5p)

First

 

30i

61.22

30.61

5305.32

2

258

86

(7f)

First

 

28o

61.66

30.83

5366.98

2

260

 

(3d)

First

 

24u

61.72

30.86

5428.70

2

262

 

(1s)

Only

 

31s

62

31

5490.70

2

264

88

9g

First

22.16

18k

39.94

31.05

5552.80

2

266

 

(9g)

First

 

27o

59.92

29.96

5612.72

2

268

 

[8h]

First

24.70

16m+24t

99.52

31.06

 

4

 

 

7h

First

25.24

14m

37.58

31.41

5675.54

2

270

90

(7h)

First

 

21t

56.38

28.19

5731.92

2

272

 

[10f]

First

21.92

20i+30l

104.70

31.66

 

4

 

 

(3p)

All

 

30m

190.60

31.76

5922.48

6

278

 

10f

First

21.92

20i

41.88

31.90

5986.28

2

280

 

(10f)

First

 

30l

62.82

31.41

6049.10

2

282

94

(1s)

Only

 

32s

64

32

6113.10

2

284

 

(2p)

First

 

28r

64.00

32.00

6177.10

2

286

 

8h

First

24.70

16m

39.76

32.23

6241.56

2

288

96

(8h)

First

 

24t

59.76

29.88

6301.32

2

290

 

(8p)

First

 

32g

64.50

32.25

6365.82

2

292

 

6h

First

28.16

12m

36.76

32.46

6430.74

2

294

98

(6h)

First

 

18t

54.48

27.24

6485.22

2

296

 

(5d)

First

 

30o

65.22

32.61

6550.44

2

298

 

4d

Rest

41.76

24o

219.40

32.65

6811.64

8

306

102

[9h]

First

25.16

18m+27t

106.40

32.90

 

4

 

 

(1s)

Only

 

33s

66

33

6877.64

2

308

 

(4p)

First

 

32k

66.06

33.03

6943.70

2

310

 

11p

First

22.18

22d

44.18

33.18

7010.06

2

312

104

(11p)

First

 

33f

66.28

33.14

7076.34

2

314

 

(7i)

First

 

21w

66.38

33.19

7142.72

2

316

 

(4f)

First

 

24w

66.78

33.39

7209.50

2

318

106

(7g)

First

 

28u

66.92

33.46

7276.42

2

320

 

9h

First

25.16

18m

42.56

33.86

7344.14

2

322

 

(9h)

First

 

27t

63.86

31.93

7408.00

2

324

108

11d

First

22.74

22g

44.74

33.74

7475.48

2

326

 

(11d)

First

 

33i

67.01

33.55

7542.58

2

328

 

(1s)

Only

 

34s

68

34

7610.58

2

330

110

(2p)

First

 

30t

68.58

34.29

7679.16

2

332

 

(8f)

First

 

32o

68.84

34.42

7748.00

2

334

 

(3d)

First

 

27w

69.42

34.71

7817.42

2

336

112

11f

First

23.74

22i

45.70

34.72

7886.86

2

338

 

(11f)

First

 

33l

68.54

34.27

7955.40

2

340

 

(3p)

First

 

33n

69.88

34.94

8025.28

2

342

114

(1s)

Only

 

35s

70

35

8095.28

2

344

 

(7p)

First

 

35h

70.72

35.36

8166.00

2

346

 

(7p)

Rest

28.6

28g

113.20

35.44

8307.76

4

350

 

(5p)

All

 

35j

214.26

35.71

8522.02

6

356

(1s)

Only

 

36s

72

36

8594.02

2

358

 

11g

First

25.22

22k

47.12

36.17

8666.36

2

360

120 120

(11g)

First

 

33o

70.68

35.34

8737.04

2

362

12p

First

24.16

24d

48.16

36.16

8809.36

2

364

 

(12p)

First

 

36f

72.26

36.13

8881.62

2

366

122

(9p)

First

 

36g

72.44

36.22

8954.06

2

368

 

7i

First

34.98

14o+21w

110.64

36.40

9099.68

4

372

124

(7d)

First

 

35m

72.98

36.49

9172.66

2

374

 

(6p)

First

 

36i

73.02

36.51

9245.68

2

376

 

(2p)

All

 

32u

219.42

36.57

9465.10

6

382

 

(5f)

First

 

30w

73.18

36.59

9538.28

2

384

128

(5g)

First

 

25y

73.52

36.76

9611.80

2

386

 

(6h)

First

 

24y

73.54

36.77

9685.34

2

388

 

(1s)

Only

 

37s

74

37

9759.34

2

390

130

Note: cells in red are filled before the rows below if all 4 slots are used; otherwise the next non-red row(s) add 1-3 slots at lower energy per slot. These double pairs are broken down below in green. The upper item needs to be added before the lower item for the least energy, even though the lower row uses less energy per slot to add.  The quartet over 5g fill after the quarter over 7f, as the energy per piece of the 7f quartet is less than 5g, even though the first pair of the quartet is higher than the average energy of the second quartet.  Addition of a single is often out of sequence (going to the next open s or pulling 1 from the preceding s pair), since the energy per pair often includes a base sub-shell and has variable angular momentum when unpaired.  The 39th slot uses a 13s sub-shell, rather than the intervening possibilities.  The 15th slot promotes a 7s to the 6f orbit to make a pair.  Energy are each multiples of 1s energy.

The pattern of addition of energy is somewhat jumpy, as it follows the pattern of divisibility of the integers.  Average is a 5 point average centered at the z value.