An Alternative View of Nuclear Structure:

Proto-photon sub-shells
Aran David Stubbs

Given my theory of nuclear structure, an explanation of the makeup of the various photon-like structures surrounding the charged surface of the nuclei is necessary. From the Pauli Exclusion Principle, not all the constituents can be in 1s orbitals. Indeed, the 1s orbitals of all structures are occupied by a pair of gravitons. This pair supports the ns orbitals (2s, 3s, etc.) that the proto-photons occupy. The other orbitals are grouped by eccentricity. The 2p has the same eccentricity as the 4d, so a pair of proto-photons can occupy the single 4d orbital pair aligned with one of the 2p. The other 2 pair of 2p don’t line up with the other 4 pair of 4d. In some cases, the more complex set of orbits for a higher l allow it to line up with all the orbits of a lower l solution. Thus the 8g has 18 orbits, 6 of which may line up with the 6 2p orbits.

In order to determine the precise structure of a photon-like shell it is necessary to determine the charge it surrounds, and find a minimal energy arrangement that supports that charge. For simplicity sake, the charges are given in multiples of the charge on a down quark (a third of the charge on an electron). Around the boundaries meta-states with slightly more energy than the base state are likely. The size of the energy unit depends on the diameter of the nucleus. 2 nuclei with the same charge can have different energy content in the photon-like shell if they are different sizes: the proton and the deuteron for instance.

Base	Pair	EB	Current	EC	E/P	∑E	PC	∑P	ZMax
1s	Only	2	2s	4	3	6.00	2	2
(1s)	Only		3s	6	3	12.00	2	4
(1s)	Only		4s	8	4	20.00	2	6	2
(1s)	Only		5s	10	5	30.00	2	8
(1s)	Only		6s	12	6	42.00	2	10
(1s)	Only		7s	14	7	56.00	2	12	4
2p	First	5.22	4d	9.14	7.18	70.36	2	14
(2p)	First		6f	13.72	6.86	84.08	2	16
(1s)	Only		8s	16	8	100.08	2	18	6
(1s)	Only		9s	18	9	118.08	2	20
(2p)	First		8g	18.28	9.14	136.36	2	22
3p	First	6.72	6d	12.70	9.71	155.78	2	24	8
(3p)	First		9f	19.06	9.53	174.84	2	26
(1s)	Only		10s	20	10	194.84	2	28
(1s)	Only		11s	22	11	216.84	2	30	10
(2p)	First		10h	22.86	11.43	239.70	2	32
2p	Rest	10.44	8g	36.56	11.75	286.70	4	36	12
(1s)	Only		12s	24	12	310.70	2	38
[3d]	First	9.92	6g+9i	38.56	12.12		4
4p	First	8.52	8d	16.52	12.52	335.74	2	40
(4p)	First		12f	24.78	12.39	360.52	2	42	14
3d	First	9.92	6g	15.42	12.67	385.86	2	44
(3d)	First		9i	23.14	11.57	409.00	2	46
(3p)	First		12g	25.42	12.71	434.42	2	48	16
(1s)	Only		13s	26	13	460.42	2	50
(2p)	First		12i	27.42	13.71	487.84	2	52
(1s)	Only		14s	28	14	515.84	2	54	18
(1s)	Only		15s	30	15	545.84	2	56
5p	First	10.42	10d	20.40	15.41	576.66	2	58
(5p)	First		15f	30.62	15.31	607.28	2	60	20
(3d)	First		12k	30.86	15.43	638.14	2	62
(3p)	First		15h	31.76	15.88	669.90	2	64
(1s)	Only		16s	32	16	701.90	2	66	22
(2p)	All		14j	96	16	797.90	6	72	24
3p	Rest	13.44	12g	50.84	16.07	862.18	4	76
(4p)	First		16g	33.04	16.52	895.22	2	78	26
5d	First	11.82	10g	21.74	16.78	928.78	2	80
(5d)	First		15i	32.60	16.30	961.38	2	82
(1s)	Only		17s	34	17	995.38	2	84	28
[4f]	First	15.48	8i+12l	55.66	17.79		4
(1s)	Only		18s	36	18	1031.38	2	86
(2p)	First		16k	36.58	18.29	1067.96	2	88
6p	First	12.34	12d	24.34	18.34	1104.64	2	90	30
(6p)	First		18f	36.50	18.25	1141.14	2	92
4f	First	15.48	8i	22.26	18.87	1178.88	2	94
(4f)	First		12l	33.40	16.70	1212.28	2	96	32
[5f]	First	14.88	10i+15l	60.98	18.97		4
(1s)	Only		19s	38	19	1250.28	2	98
(3p)	First		18i	38.12	19.06	1288.40	2	100
(3d)	First		15m	38.58	19.29	1326.98	2	102	34
5f	First	14.88	10i	24.4	19.64	1366.26	2	104
(5f)	First		15l	36.58	18.29	1402.84	2	106
(1s)	Only		20s	40	20	1442.84	2	108	36
(5p)	First		20g	40.82	20.41	1483.66	2	110
(2p)	First		18l	41.14	20.57	1524.80	2	112
(4p)	First		20h	41.30	20.65	1566.10	2	114	38
4p	Rest	17.04	16g	66.08	20.78	1649.22	4	118
(1s)	Only		21s	42	21	1691.22	2	120	40
7p	First	14.30	14d	28.28	21.29	1733.80	2	122
(7p)	First		21f	42.44	21.22	1776.24	2	124
(5d)	First		20k	43.48	21.74	1819.72	2	126	42
(1s)	Only		22s	44	22	1863.72	2	128
7d	First	15.22	14g	29.20	22.21	1908.14	2	130
(7d)	First		21i	43.78	21.89	1951.92	2	132	44
(3p)	All		21j	133.40	22.24	2085.36	6	138	46
(4f)	First		16o	44.52	22.26	2129.88	2	140
(2p)	All		20m	137.20	22.86	2267.04	6	146
(1s)	Only		23s	46	23	2313.04	2	148
(3d)	First		18o	46.28	23.14	2359.32	2	150	50
7f	First	16.98	14i	30.84	23.91	2407.14	2	152
(7f)	First		21l	46.24	23.12	2453.38	2	154
[5g]	First	21.62	10k+15o	73.54	23.79		4
(1s)	Only		24s	48	24	2501.38	2	156	52
8p	First	16.26	16d	32.26	24.26	2549.90	2	158
(8p)	First		24f	48.38	24.19	2598.28	2	160
(6p)	First		24g	48.68	24.34	2646.96	2	162	54
(5f)	First		20o	48.78	24.39	2695.74	2	164
(4p)	First		24i	49.54	24.77	2745.28	2	166
(1s)	Only		25s	50	25	2795.28	2	168	56
(2p)	First		22n	50.28	25.14	2845.56	2	170
(3p)	First		24k	50.82	25.41	2896.38	2	172
(5p)	First		25h	51.02	25.51	2947.40	2	174	58
5g	First	21.62	10k	29.42	25.52	2998.44	2	176
(5g)	First		15o	44.12	22.06	3042.56	2	178
5p	Rest	20.84	20g	81.64	25.62	3145.04	4	182
[7g]	First	20.00	14k+21o	83.66	25.92		4
(1s)	Only		26s	52	26	3197.04	2	184
7g	First	20.00	14k	33.46	26.73	3250.50	2	186	62
(7g)	First		21o	50.20	25.10	3300.70	2	188
8f	First	18.52	16i	34.42	26.47	3353.64	2	190
(8f)	First		24l	51.64	25.82	3405.28	2	192	64
(1s)	Only		27s	54	27	3459.28	2	194
(3d)	First		21r	54.00	27.00	3513.28	2	196
(5d)	First		25m	54.34	27.17	3567.62	2	198	66
9p	First	18.22	18d	36.22	27.22	3622.06	2	200
(9p)	First		27f	54.34	27.17	3676.40	2	202
(2p)	First		24o	54.86	27.43	3731.26	2	204	68
[9d]	First	18.92	18g+27i	92.28	27.80		4
(4f)	First		20t	55.66	27.83	3786.92	2	206
9d	First	18.92	18g	36.92	27.92	3842.76	2	208
(9d)	First		27i	55.36	27.68	3898.12	2	210	70
(1s)	Only		28s	56	28	3954.12	2	212
3d	Rest	39.68	18o	185.10	28.10	4178.92	8	220
(7p)	First		28g	56.58	28.29	4235.50	2	222	74
(3p)	First		27l	57.18	28.59	4292.68	2	224
(4p)	All		28j	173.40	28.90	4466.08	6	230
(1s)	Only		29s	58	29	4524.08	2	232
(7d)	First		28k	58.38	29.19	4582.46	2	234	78
(5g)	First		20u	58.82	29.41	4641.28	2	236
(2p)	All		26q	178.30	29.71	4819.54	6	242
[7h]	First	25.24	14m+21t	93.96	29.80		4
[6h]	First	28.16	12m+18t	91.24	29.85		4
(1s)	Only		30s	60	30	4879.54	2	244
10p	First	20.20	20d	40.20	30.20	4939.94	2	246	82
(10p)	First		30f	60.30	30.15	5000.24	2	248
(6p)	First		30h	60.84	30.42	5061.08	2	250
(5f)	First		25t	60.98	30.49	5122.06	2	252	84
6p	Rest	24.68	24g	97.36	30.51	5244.10	4	256
[9g]	First	22.16	18k+27o	99.86	30.51		4
(5p)	First		30i	61.22	30.61	5305.32	2	258	86
(7f)	First		28o	61.66	30.83	5366.98	2	260
(3d)	First		24u	61.72	30.86	5428.70	2	262
(1s)	Only		31s	62	31	5490.70	2	264	88
9g	First	22.16	18k	39.94	31.05	5552.80	2	266
(9g)	First		27o	59.92	29.96	5612.72	2	268
[8h]	First	24.70	16m+24t	99.52	31.06		4
7h	First	25.24	14m	37.58	31.41	5675.54	2	270	90
(7h)	First		21t	56.38	28.19	5731.92	2	272
[10f]	First	21.92	20i+30l	104.70	31.66		4
(3p)	All		30m	190.60	31.76	5922.48	6	278
10f	First	21.92	20i	41.88	31.90	5986.28	2	280
(10f)	First		30l	62.82	31.41	6049.10	2	282	94
(1s)	Only		32s	64	32	6113.10	2	284
(2p)	First		28r	64.00	32.00	6177.10	2	286
8h	First	24.70	16m	39.76	32.23	6241.56	2	288	96
(8h)	First		24t	59.76	29.88	6301.32	2	290
(8p)	First		32g	64.50	32.25	6365.82	2	292
6h	First	28.16	12m	36.76	32.46	6430.74	2	294	98
(6h)	First		18t	54.48	27.24	6485.22	2	296
(5d)	First		30o	65.22	32.61	6550.44	2	298
4d	Rest	41.76	24o	219.40	32.65	6811.64	8	306	102
[9h]	First	25.16	18m+27t	106.40	32.90		4
(1s)	Only		33s	66	33	6877.64	2	308
(4p)	First		32k	66.06	33.03	6943.70	2	310
11p	First	22.18	22d	44.18	33.18	7010.06	2	312	104
(11p)	First		33f	66.28	33.14	7076.34	2	314
(7i)	First		21w	66.38	33.19	7142.72	2	316
(4f)	First		24w	66.78	33.39	7209.50	2	318	106
(7g)	First		28u	66.92	33.46	7276.42	2	320
9h	First	25.16	18m	42.56	33.86	7344.14	2	322
(9h)	First		27t	63.86	31.93	7408.00	2	324	108
11d	First	22.74	22g	44.74	33.74	7475.48	2	326
(11d)	First		33i	67.01	33.55	7542.58	2	328
(1s)	Only		34s	68	34	7610.58	2	330	110
(2p)	First		30t	68.58	34.29	7679.16	2	332
(8f)	First		32o	68.84	34.42	7748.00	2	334
(3d)	First		27w	69.42	34.71	7817.42	2	336	112
11f	First	23.74	22i	45.70	34.72	7886.86	2	338
(11f)	First		33l	68.54	34.27	7955.40	2	340
(3p)	First		33n	69.88	34.94	8025.28	2	342	114
(1s)	Only		35s	70	35	8095.28	2	344
(7p)	First		35h	70.72	35.36	8166.00	2	346
(7p)	Rest	28.6	28g	113.20	35.44	8307.76	4	350
(5p)	All		35j	214.26	35.71	8522.02	6	356
(1s)	Only		36s	72	36	8594.02	2	358
11g	First	25.22	22k	47.12	36.17	8666.36	2	360	120 120
(11g)	First		33o	70.68	35.34	8737.04	2	362
12p	First	24.16	24d	48.16	36.16	8809.36	2	364
(12p)	First		36f	72.26	36.13	8881.62	2	366	122
(9p)	First		36g	72.44	36.22	8954.06	2	368
7i	First	34.98	14o+21w	110.64	36.40	9099.68	4	372	124
(7d)	First		35m	72.98	36.49	9172.66	2	374
(6p)	First		36i	73.02	36.51	9245.68	2	376
(2p)	All		32u	219.42	36.57	9465.10	6	382
(5f)	First		30w	73.18	36.59	9538.28	2	384	128
(5g)	First		25y	73.52	36.76	9611.80	2	386
(6h)	First		24y	73.54	36.77	9685.34	2	388
(1s)	Only		37s	74	37	9759.34	2	390	130

Note: cells in red are filled before the rows below if all 4 slots are used; otherwise the next non-red row(s) add 1-3 slots at lower energy per slot. These double pairs are broken down below in green. The upper item needs to be added before the lower item for the least energy, even though the lower row uses less energy per slot to add. The quartet over 5g fill after the quarter over 7f, as the energy per piece of the 7f quartet is less than 5g, even though the first pair of the quartet is higher than the average energy of the second quartet. Addition of a single is often out of sequence (going to the next open s or pulling 1 from the preceding s pair), since the energy per pair often includes a base sub-shell and has variable angular momentum when unpaired. The 39^th slot uses a 13s sub-shell, rather than the intervening possibilities. The 15^th slot promotes a 7s to the 6f orbit to make a pair. Energy are each multiples of 1s energy.

The pattern of addition of energy is somewhat jumpy, as it follows the pattern of divisibility of the integers. Average is a 5 point average centered at the z value.